The existence of multinational corporations is not self-evident. These corporations have costs linked with business in foreign countries compared to their domestic competitors. Therefore, in the long term, they must have particular advantages over domestic firms. These advantages are external to...

Resumen: En este artículo se analiza el proceso de externalización de las labores agrarias y el consiguiente desarrollo de una agricultura terciarizada. La fragmentada dimensión laboral y económica de las explotaciones agrarias determina el proceso de externalización de las tareas agrarias...

This paper presents the work carried out in the Research and Development Unit of the Banco de España’s Banknote Production Control Department over the last few months in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). Research and development have focused on the application of AI to the banknote...

This article estimates the effect of the introduction of technologies and the effect of investing in innovation activities without the introduction of technologies on employment, using data from the Ecuadorian Innovation Survey and the Social Security Institute and applying the inverse...

Financing has been considered as a critical requirement for firm innovation projects. However, these projects are typically characterized by a high degree of uncertainty, complexity and specificity. As a consequence companies may find difficulties to obtain support from financial markets. By a...