. The models used include Granger causality, cointegration, and error-correction models. The results demonstrate that the … deviations from the parity. As this error-correction mechanism appears to be rather symmetric, and as the Granger causality tests … suggest different causality patterns for individual stocks, none of the two markets emerges as the dominant one. A variety of …

Granger causality test the panel cointegration analysis is needed. The panel cointegration relationships were not found in any … panel cointegration. According to the main stream of the economic theory the budget deficits leads to deterioration in the …