This paper analyzes the tax penalty on volatile personal income under progressive tax rates. The phenomenon may have an effect on long-term entrepreneurial decisions as well as risky occupational choice. An options-based model is used to estimate the expected effective rate due from tax-payers...

Business processes take place in an environment of complex systems that consist of many interrelated elements with stochastic and dynamic characteristics. Simulation and management methods were developed to cope with such complexity. Simulation and management methods are interdependent...

Continuing concentration of retail chains with prevailing assortment of fast moving consumer goods is empirically visible tendency present in Europe, overall consolidation of chains on saturated markets in situation of reserved consumer optimism is inavoidable. Such circumstances enable changes...