(Mundschenk, 2000). As for the firms, a VAR model is estimated using panel data. Relevant forecasts enable to quantify an expected … macroeconomic background, the Q of the Czech Republic was computed. Than, the panel data approach was applied to the Czech machinery … detailed panel structure. A high degree of zero investment might be a signal for policy makers which seems to be recognized by …

Panel data are a result of repeating observations of a group of units, e.g. households, firms, but also whole economies …

Panel data are specific data where cases are observed at two or more time periods. This approach brings many advantages …: larger dataset, decreasing collinearity between exogenous variables and using advanced econometric models. The panel data … econometric models with panel data. …

Panel data are increasingly being used in both macro- and micro-level studies of economic problems. Macro-panel data (i … denotes countries) are characteristic by sufficiently long time series to be able to analyze panel spurious regression and … panel cointegration. According to the main stream of the economic theory the budget deficits leads to deterioration in the …

both for each single country separately and for the whole panel. …