Fried, Harold O.; Lovell, Charles A.K.; Schmidt, Shelton S. - 2008
programming approach to efficiency estimation; introduces the Malmquist productivity index and shows how to decompose it into … various sources of productivity change, including variation in productive efficiency; and describes three ways of … approximating a Malmquist productivity index: the use of superlative index numbers, the use of econometric techniques, and the use …