sample covers Greece in 1989-2020 and Italy in 1989-2020. Findings - The research presented the estimation of shadow exchange …Aim/purpose - The aim of this paper is to present two cases of crises in Greece and Italy and to evaluate the shadow …

This study inspects if there is greater convergence with Germany amongst the Eurozone founding members and if their … significantly endogenous. At the same time, to assess the relative dominance of Germany, the features against Germany are compared … remarkable convergence with Germany and across the states but also relative convergence with US. On economic erformance, results …

This paper studies various approaches to the equilibrium real effective exchange rate estimation, including structural … and direct estimation approaches. It shows their strengths and weaknesses with application to the case of Latvia. Despite …

Germany’s substantial current account surpluses are an ongoing subject of debate, both at the domestic and the European … consumption expenditures of an ageing population. This contribution gauges the profitability of Germany’s foreign wealth. It … greater benefits of a domestic investment offensive aiming to equip Germany for central long-term challenges. …