Summary Planned ‘‘surprise’’ devaluations are often spurred by non-economic circumstances: a rentseeking government; political instability; or the opportunity to put the blame on a predecessor government. In this paper, these aspects are incorporated in the monetary and fiscal policy...

Die Interventionen in Afghanistan und im Irak haben das Kräftegleichgewicht im Mittleren Osten grundlegend verändert. Gleichzeitig sind die Herausforderungen im sozialen, wirtschaftlichen und politischen Bereich weiter gewachsen. Durch den Konflikt um das iranische Atomprogramm und die...

Fragile states are characterized by institutions which do not have the political will or ability to reduce poverty in the interests of their citizen, to establish basic social security, to promote a successful development process, and to guarantee security and human rights. The regional...