In this paper, we outline (i) why σ-convergence may not accompany β-convergence, (ii) discuss evidence of β-convergence … demonstrate that σ-convergence cannot be detected at the county level across the United States, or within the large majority of …

Since 2000, there has been a convergence between urban and rural regions in Germany measured by GDP per capita. This is … convergence. But this positive development doesn't apply to all rural regions - and the negative demographics in comparison to …

-average starting level. In the convergence analysis the following location factors are considered: unemployment rate, purchasing power …, average age, broadband expansion, population density, private households and municipal debt. The convergence analysis is … (as we see it already for Berlin and Brandenburg). The corona crisis may even support this general convergence process …