Unlike public sector consumption, public investment is often regarded as contributing to growth. Yet while spending on … "intangible" goods such as education does not count as investment, even though it is potentially growth-enhancing, expenditure … with little to no effect on growth often does. This raises the question as to whether the concept of investment should not …

direct investment. Overall, Poland has become an attractive investment location. However, in the absence of further gains in …. Structural challenges on this path include increasing innovative strength, for example through targeted training and investment … renewable energies, and improving the investment climate. Above all, this requires stability, reliability and transparency, for …

DIW Berlin has examined the effects of investment in research and development on economic growth in Germany and other … effect of aggregate R&D into contributions from private- and public sector R&D. R&D investment in both sectors has seen …&D investment. …