Monitoring corruption typically relies on top-down interventions aimed at increasing the probability of external … controls and the severity of punishment. An alternative approach to fighting corruption is to induce bottom-up pressure for … corruption, even when citizens “voice” leads to formal punishment with a relatively low probability. In contrast, pure top …

The current work focuses on the economics of corruption, with an emphasis on the influence of internet users and press … freedom on the perception of corruption. An analysis of crosssectional data obtained for 113 countries in 2010 was implemented … press freedom, have isolated and economically significant effects on the way corruption is perceived. In particular …

firms‘ help (as corporate citizens) in reducing corruption. It turns out that this argument crucially depends on a fair … corruption on society at large and (c) the cost-effectiveness of formal institutions designed to combat corruption. In all three …