alternative measures of economic openness - the trade-to-GDP ratio and Sachs and Warner's (1995) measure of free trade policy …

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has grown far more rapidly than trade during the last two decades. As with the other … effects that, at least in the short- and medium-run, may well dwarf the effects of trade and immigration. In this paper, we …

The business literature suggests that exporters either use trade intermediaries or own foreign sales representations …. Standard trade models are silent about this choice. We develop a model where producers differ with respect to competitive … advantage and where trade intermediaries arise endogenously. Intermediaries allow producers to access a foreign market at lower …