for the United States but also with reference to the wider world. We establish the outlines of international integration a … century ago and analyze the institutional and informational impediments that prevented the late nineteenth century world from … achieving the same degree of integration as today. We conclude that the world today is different: commercial and financial …

Between 1820 and 1990, the share of world income going to today's wealthy nations soared from twenty percent to almost … reflects a new age of globalization that is drastically different from the old. In the 1800s, globalization leaped forward when … globalization is driven by information technology, which has radically reduced the cost of moving ideas across borders. This has …