for the United States but also with reference to the wider world. We establish the outlines of international integration a … century ago and analyze the institutional and informational impediments that prevented the late nineteenth century world from … achieving the same degree of integration as today. We conclude that the world today is different: commercial and financial …

It has sometimes been argued that "globalization" benefits only a small number of countries, and that this leads to … greater marginalization of excluded countries. This paper argues that globalization is not necessarily biased towards greater …, marginalization is not intrinsic to globalization. …