This paper empirically investigates the relationship between corruption and the emigration of those with high, medium … and low levels of educational attainment. The empirical results indicate that as corruption increases the emigration rate … levels of educational attainment, however, increases at initial levels of corruption and then decreases beyond a certain …

government expenditure, the shadow economy and military expenditure. We find that the effect of corruption on public debt is …This paper examines the relationship between corruption and public debt in 106 countries. Results suggest that … corruption leads to an increase in public debt. We also investigate if the effect of corruption on pblic debt is increased by …

This paper has four goals: First, the use of cash as a possible driving factor of the shadow economy is investigated …. Second, the use of cash in crime, here especially in corruption, is also econometrically investigated. The influence is … somewhat larger than on the shadow economy, but it is certainly not a decisive factor for bribery activities. Some figures …

This paper is a first attempt to estimate the size and development of the shadow economy of 158 countries over the … size of the shadow economy of these 158 countries over 1991-2015 is 32.5% of official GDP, which was 34.82% in 1991 and … decreased to 30.66% in 2015. The lowest size of the shadow economy East Asian countries with 16.77% averaged over the period …

Using the MIMIC method, this paper is a first attempt to estimate the size of the shadow economy of 158 countries over … proxy for the size of the economy. Results suggest that the average size of the shadow economy of these 158 countries over …

corruption. On the one hand, if we assume that the goal of criminals involved in corruption is to minimize the probability of … being detected, then corruption represents a demand for money laundering (trigger effect), while money laundering can serve … as an effective way to clean the revenue from corruption for re-investment (multiplier effect). On the other hand …

This paper has four goals: First, the use of cash as a possible driving factor of the shadow economy is investigated …. Second, the use of cash in crime, here especially in corruption, is also econometrically investigated. The influence is … somewhat larger than on the shadow economy, but it is certainly not a decisive factor for bribery activities. Some figures …