PurposeThe purpose of this study is to understand the impact of network relationship strength and subsidiary initiatives on the headquarters value added and performance in foreign-owned subsidiaries. Design/methodology/approachOur study is based on survey data collected from foreign-owned...

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to enhance our understanding on the effects of national and subnational institutions, as well as subsidiary competences on the international market orientation in foreign-owned subsidiaries. Design/methodology/approach: A postal survey has been conducted...

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effects of institutional distance on foreign-owned subsidiary development. In particular, a distinction between direct and indirect effects of formal and informal institutional distance is proposed and empirically tested. Based on a bespoke census...