subsidies complied with EU state aid rules, both in terms of effectiveness and competition. …

We investigate the impact of competition policy enforcement on the functioning of European energy markets, and how … EU member states’ competition policy decisions, and combine it with firm- and sector-level data. We find that EC merger … policy has a positive and robust impact on (i) the level of competition; (ii) investment; and (iii) productivity. This impact …

subsidies complied with EU state aid rules, both in terms of effectiveness and competition. …