This study examines whether parity codetermination at German supervisory boards improves labor investment efficiency at firm level. We focus on labor, as it is an important production factor. Labor investment decisions are not easily reversible in the short term, given that hiring and firing...

Vattenfall is a Swedish-owned international electricity and heat supplier. In recent years, it has become the fourth-largest generator of electricity and the largest producer of heat in Europe Vattenfall is a public limited company, shares of which are owned by the Swedish government.