China's environmental regulators have sought to reduce the Yangtze River's water pollution. We document that this regulatory effort has had two unintended consequences. First, the regulation's spatial differential stringency has displaced economic activity upstream. As polluting activity...

China's environmental regulators have sought to reduce the Yangtze River's water pollution. We document that this regulatory effort has had two unintended consequences. First, the regulation's spatial differential stringency has displaced economic activity upstream. As polluting activity...

Manufacturing servitization is an effective way to improve both environmental performance and economic benefits in developing countries. In this paper, we first propose the firm-level manufacturing servitization (FMS) measurement method. Then, based on Chinese firm-level data for 2000–2015, we...