1. Introduction -- 2. General Observations -- 3. FinTech and Market-based Financing -- 4. European Approaches to FinTech: The Role of Regulation and the Evolution of Supervision -- 5. FinTech, Chain Transactions and Open Banking -- 6. FinTech Firms -- 7. FinTech and Money -- 8. FinTech, RegTech...

This paper distils three lessons for bank regulation from the experience of the 2009-12 euro-area financial crisis. First, it highlights the key role that sovereign debt exposures of banks have played in the feedback loop between bank and fiscal distress, and inquires how the regulation of...

In Europe, the financial stability mandate generally rests at the national level. But there is an important exception. Since the establishment of the Banking Union in 2014, the European Central Bank (ECB) can impose stricter regulations than the national regulator. The precondition is that the...