The present research has been developed within the EU FP7 VECTORS project (http://www.marine-vectors.eu/). The main scope of the project (2011 - 2015) has been to evaluate, from a multilateral perspective, drivers, pressures and vectors of changes in marine life of three main European seas...

Deforestation is a major source of CO2 emissions, accounting for around 17% of total annual anthropogenic carbon release. While the costs estimates of reducing deforestation rates considerably vary depending on model assumptions, it is widely accepted that emissions reductions from avoided...

We review the sovereign credit rating methodologies of three credit rating agencies (Moody’s, S&P and Fitch) and analyze how they currently accommodate climate change risk and ESG considerations. We elaborate on the differences between the three rating methodologies and critically evaluate...