This paper uses an unbanked industry to study the impact of government certification on financial access and growth. Marijuana is considered illegal by the Federal law resulting in high financial access costs. I exploit a unique experiment by Washington State that significantly lowered such...

We perform an econometric investigation of the contribution of pharmaceutical innovation to mortality reduction and growth in lifetime per capita income. In both of the periods studied (1970-80 and 1980-91), there is a highly significant positive relationship across diseases between the increase...

Led by the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, IP-intensive manufacturing industries contribute extraordinary economic value to the U.S. economy. Compared to other IP-intensive and non-IP intensive manufacturing industries, the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry had the highest R&D...