In the catch-up literature, more attention has been paid to the rate rather than the direction of technological change. This paper presents and implements a novel methodology to identify and measure the effects of the direction of technological change in terms of technological congruence and its...

This book elaborates a new dependent and localized growth theory based upon knowledge externalities by making two important contributions. Firstly, it elaborates the hypothesis that total factor productivity growth stems from pecuniary knowledge externalities that consist in the access to...