This chapter applies the framework of public goods to knowledge. It shows that knowledge has some characteristics of … public good, such as being non-rival in consumption and in the long run non excludable. But it also argues that knowledge … cannot be transferred from producers to users at low or negligible costs: to effectively use knowledge, prospective users …

use both academic publications and patent data to trace the geographical distribution of related knowledge and innovation …

innovation and international technology transfer in general. The literature suggests that patent protection in a host country … encourages technology transfer to that country but that its impact on innovation and development is much more ambiguous. We then …-related technologies. We conclude that the "double externality" problem, that is the presence of both environmental and knowledge …