In 2001, the German system of higher education went through a set of reforms that - among others - were intended to create appropriate incentives for university professors. Empirically, however, even before the reform, publication records of university professors in German higher education...

Monitoring by peers is often an effective means of attenuating incentive problems. Most explanations of the efficacy of mutual monitoring rely either on small group size or on a version of the Folk theorem with repeated interactions which requires reasonably accurate public information...

Gender differences in competitive behavior have been well documented by economists and other social scientists; however, the bulk of the research addresses competition with others and excludes other economically relevant competition that may contribute to the gender pay gap. In this paper, we...