the single most important correlate of the subsequent Leave vote in the 2016 European Union (EU) referendum, along with … specific welfare reforms as well as broader measures of political preferences. The results suggest that the EU referendum could …

380 local authority areas in the United Kingdom. We find that exposure to the EU in terms of immigration and trade …

changed significantly since the 2016 EU referendum. A lot of area characteristics, many of which were previously associated … example, the degree to which local authorities receive transfers from the EU or the extent to which their economies rely on … trade with the EU, along with past electoral support for UKIP (and the BNP) and exposure to immigration from Eastern Europe …