Measuring continuous change or growth in individual students' academic abilities over time currently uses several statistical models or transformations to move from data representing a student's correct or incorrect responses on individual test items to inferences about the form and quantity of...

The study describes the various alternatives to the between-subjects ANOVA F test that have been performing reasonably well in the literature under different experimental conditions of sample sizes, variance ratios or nonnormality. Drawing from structural equation modeling (SEM), the robust...

As researchers begin to use Growth Mixture Models (GMM) with data from nationally representative samples, it becomes increasingly critical for researchers to understand the difficulties associated with modeling data that come from complex sample designs. If researchers naively apply GMM to...