We investigate which of the two main centers of gold trading — the London spot market and the New York futures market — plays a more important role in setting the price of gold. Using intraday data during a 17-year period we find that although both markets contribute to price discovery, the...

Recent research has identified the presence of behavioral influences on traders in predominantly professionally traded markets such as oil, gold, and foreign exchange. Previous research had largely confined behavioral-based investigations to equity markets due to an assumption that noise traders...

In statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a data-generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in sample estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidence-generating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation...

The purpose of the present study is to provide further empirical evidence of the January and size effects on stock returns. The data used in this study are monthly stock returns, shares outstanding, and prices of all the stocks listed on the NYSE, AMEX, and NASDAQ. The data of monthly stock...

This paper examines the effects of business and consumer confidence on stock market returns. Based on the analysis of monthly data from thirty-one countries, the results show that business and consumer confidence has a positive effect on stock market returns. The findings reveal that change in...

This study is to assess the dynamics effects of business confidence and consumer confidence on stock market risk premiums and to determine the relative importance of business confidence and consumer confidence in forecasting the variability of stock market risk premiums though a variance...

Rapidly growing numbers of empirical papers assessing the financial effects of COVID-19 pandemic triggered an urgent need for a study summarising the existing knowledge of contagion phenomenon. This paper provides a review of conceptual approaches to studying financial contagion at four levels...

This paper is set up to dissect the covariance patterns of the returns on the commodity and equity markets. Analyzing monthly return data from 1970:M1 to 2013M7, the results show that returns on the commodity and equity markets co-vary weakly in the opposite direction (r=-0.12) in the 1970s,...

This paper analyses how stock returns on the U.S. manufacturing industry respond to raw materials price shock. Using monthly excess return data of the U.S. manufacturing industry and the percentage change of the U.S. raw materials price commodity index from 1960:M2 to 2012:M12, the vector auto...

We examine the existence and dates of pricing bubbles in Bitcoin and Ethereum, two popular cryptocurrencies using the Phillips et al. (2011) methodology. In contrast to previous papers, we examine the fundamental drivers of the price. Having derived ratios that are economically and...