This study explores the interaction between trade and geography in shaping the Islamic economic doctrine and in turn … presence of trade opportunities conferred differential gains from trade across regions, fostering predatory behavior from the … redistribution featuring direct income transfers in return for safe passage to conduct trade. A commitment problem, however, rendered …

favours openness to trade at an early stage of development, while an autocrat complying with the preferences of capitalists … chooses to shelter the economy from trade. The trade regime interacts with economic institutions, and with policies on capital … economy attractive to foreign investors. Allowing for trade and foreign capital inflows are thus complementary policies that …