We construct a panel of satisfaction with democracy (SWD) and economic, institutional, and environmental variables for … higher where (1) there exists an energy / CO2 tax, where (2) government expenditures on the environment are higher, where (3 …

liberalization. Second, democracy has a negative effect on growth during the contraction, whereas its effect appears insignificant … apparently go beyond deteriorating economic performance. The level of democracy, in contrast, increases the support for the …

subjects may exit. In a simple model, both kinds of competition are substitutes. Internal competition (democracy) benefits … democracy, and rulers are less eager to oppose it, when external competition is high. In a panel of countries, there are fewer … changes towards democracy when states have low GDP relative to their neighbours. …

We study the political economy of the environment in autocratic, weak and strong democracies when individuals can …

non-hostile country. The result is a non-monotonic relationship between democracy and peace. Using the Polity IV dataset … cause of war. We also find that as the environment becomes more hostile, fully democratic countries become more aggressive …

, low-level officials, and the judiciary are corrupt. In the model, the central government sells offices to low …-level officials and demands ex-post payments enforced by the judiciary. Because an independent judiciary can rule against the central … promotes corruption at the lower level. Therefore, even if highly corrupt, an independent judiciary may reduce total corruption …

, focusing on two dimensions of quality of the judiciary, namely efficiency and integrity. We present a multi-layer lobbying …