There is not only one currency and an exact predictable parity for each currency in the globe. This makes the accomplishment of international business and trade operations complicated owing to the fact that the mandatory usage of strong currencies in international trade. However, business...

Technology has influenced industries around the world. Not only is the use of technology essential to the success of a business, but the continuous improvement of technology is a determinant factor in obtaining a competitive advantage. Electronic collaboration (e-collaboration) has made a...

Our paper focuses on the role of endogenous technology and technology spillovers in explaining cross country differences in pollution and the pollution haven effect of international trade. In our North-South trade model, technology is endogenously developed by the North and imitated by the...

The debate over international trade has long pitted “free trade” advocates against those who argue that particular reasons support trade restraints. The newest argument is that open trade leads to a “race to the bottom” in the regulation of health, safety, welfare, and especially labor and...

Only in recent years has China been concerned about participating in the world economy. Thus far her international marketing has been limited in volume and elementary in nature. Currently China is relying primarily on her foreign partners and customers to do her international marketing as she...

Brunner and Taoka did the first survey of American businesspeople's perceptions of marketing and negotiating in the People's Republic of China in 1975. Because of China's open door policy and her determination to modernise, there have been many changes in US‐China business. Therefore, it is...

Countertrading for many countries acts as a viable alternative when overseas purchasing requirements stretch foreign currency too far, though it is also used as a means of employment protection. The principle can be further divided into the process of barter, switch trading, buy‐back, evidence...

The letter of credit is commonly utilised when an exporter has doubts regarding the prospects of receiving payment. It is essential that all possible precautions are taken to ensure that the letter of credit's conditions can be met and are conformed with. If documents are rejected, if it is...

Due to the economic and strategic importance of telecommunication services, as well as projected growth rates in the information industries, countries have adopted policy restrictions on transborder data flows (TBDF) both into and out of their countries. The reasons for these measures include...

It has been suggested by a number of authors that Britain's relative decline as a manufacturing economy is not irreversible. In particular, it has been argued, the relative advantage of the developed economies vis‐à‐vis the developing and newly industrialising countries lies in...