China or Japan, has no predictable effect on its trade surplus. Currency appreciation by the creditor country will slow its …

. Unilateral decoupling of the EU from China (a doubling of trade costs) would reduce real income in the EU on average by 0 … decline by 1.4 percent (48.4 bn EUR). China would also lose from such a trade war, with real income declining by 1.3 percent …. Should the EU increase its trade barriers against all its non-European trading partners, real income in the Union would fall …