This evaluation commissioned by the European Commission aims at providing an overall independent assessment of its external cooperation with partner countries through the organisations of the UN family. It covers the partnership between the Commission and the UN to the extent of the...

This paper argues that success in the struggle for regional integration hinges foremost on the degree of heterogeneity among regional states. Regional organizations therefore must consider how to optimize their leverage to forge convergence that will foster agreement and cooperation. To do so,...

This paper examines the determinants of alignment in bilateral partnerships. While it was impossible to think about international cooperation without referring to the term "alliances" during much of the Cold War period, strategic partnerships have taken a central place in many states' diplomatic...

We study the effect of leadership in an experimental threshold public "bad" game, where we manipulate both the relative returns of two investments (the more productive of which causes a negative externality) and the extent to which the gains from leadership diffuse to the group. The game...

Achieving the Paris Agreement long-term temperature goal requires closing the ambition and action gap. G20 countries have a crucial role to play in realising increased climate policy ambition. Synthetic electro fuels (e-fuels) were identified as one of the key policy areas and promising options...