Over recent decades, various USA government regulations and incentives, at both federal and state levels, encourage the development of green energy sources and the reduction of CO 2 emissions. In this paper, we investigate the degree of persistency of shocks to CO 2 per capita series in 50...

This paper analyses the persistence and mean reversion properties of sovereign debt and its components by applying fractional integration methods to long runs of annual data starting in 1831 for the UK and the US, in 1862 for Italy and in 1881 for France and Germany, and ending in all cases in...