In 1949, A. W. H. (Bill) Phillips and Walter Newlyn designed and built an electro-hydraulic dynamic model of the macroeconomy of a country. It was the first analog computer to solve the nonlinear coupled differential equations of mid-twentieth century economic theory and led to the use of...

This thesis strives to offer new insights in two main areas. First, in the well-researched domain of payment cards chapters 2 and 3 investigate an aspect that has hitherto been scantly examined, namely, the fact that merchant usage fees differ substantially among merchant sectors. Additionally,...