Introduction -- "I am yet waitin": African American women and free labor banking experiments in the emancipation-era South, 1860s-1900 -- "Who is so helpless as the Negro woman?": the independent order of St. Luke and the quest for economic security, 1856-1902 -- "Let us have a bank": St. Luke...

The late 19th and early 20th century British labour market experienced an influx of female clerical workers. Employers argued that female employment increased opportunities for men to advance; however, most male clerks regarded this expansion of the labour supply as a threat to their pay and...