The paper deals with the subtraction rule, which has been proposed by the ?working group security of supply in service of the cartel offices of the federal republic and the states? as an instrument to identify improperly inflated network access charges in the electricity industry. We analyze...

Abstract This paper shows that vertical foreign direct investment will reduce prices but the aggregate welfare effect is unambiguously positive only under free market entry. Using a standard model of imperfect competition, we develop this result by considering two different cases. In the first...