Equity ties between businesses change the division of the firms joint profits, thereby affecting incentives for relation-specific investments and other strategic actions. Depending on which side owns the equity and how readily the equity can be resold, we find that the changed incentives can...

The aim of this study is to review the level of debt and the impact of taxation on the capital structure of companies operating within national and multinational corporate groups in the countries of the Visegrad Group. In the research, financial data was used from 2012-2018 regarding entities...

The research indicates that financial participation can deliver real benefits for employees, enterprises and national economies. However, despite this potential, it remains little used in most Member States, and is very unevenly distributed across the EU. This background paper has updated the...