the US, Japan and the major European countries in order to estimate the effect of energy prices on energy … significantly positively correlated with innovation in both Japan and the EU. A tentative interpretation might be that a rise in …. Furthermore, the tax ratio, which has consistently risen in Japan and especially the EU, could be seen as an indicator for …

, throughout the period of analysis, the U.S. (1980s and 2000s) and Japan (1970s and 2000s) have been the major transmitters of …

, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy and Japan by using a synthetic control approach. With the exception of Great …