The German pension system was the first formal pension system in the world, designed by Bismarck nearly 120 years ago. It has been very successful in providing high and reliable pension levels at reasonable contribution rates. While the generosity of the German pension system is considered a...

The vulnerability index presented in this paper is a tool to measure the vulnerability of different city areas related to flooding. The index is applied to the boroughs of the City of Hamburg. The city faces three different kinds of flood risks: storm surges, inland flooding and heavy rainfall....

Although the population in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) is still younger, on average, than in Western Europe, the CEEC also have to cope with challenges caused by the demographic shift towards an ageing, shrinking population. Some countries are ageing even faster than Western...

The demographic transition is a phenomenon affecting many industrialized societies. These economies are experiencing a decline in mortality alongside low fertility rates - a situation that puts social security systems under severe pressure. To implement appropriate reform measures, adequate...

Industrialised economies are experiencing a decline in mortality alongside low fertility rates - a situation that puts social security systems under severe pressure. Population ageing is associated not only with longer periods of pension claims but also smaller cohorts eventually entering the...