This study aims to analyse the discretionary fiscal policy of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia for the period 2003 … defines the discretionary fiscal position and the aggregate demand effect of fiscal policy. The SBBs in Azerbaijan and Russia … demonstrate that fiscal policies tend to be mainly procyclical in Kazakhstan and Russia. Azerbaijan conducted a counter …

The passage of Russia's “Great Recession” provides an opportunity for academics and policy makers to reflect on policy … makers in Russia and other resource-rich countries meet these challenges in the future. These tentative lessons are only …