For more than a hundred years, advances in development were associated with decreasing fertility rates. This led to … total fertility rates far below replacement level in most developed countries. However, during the last decade fertility … human development index (HDI) with the total fertility rate (TFR) reverses from negative (increases in HDI are associated …

decline in fertility of about 15 percent in the program villages compared with the control villages by 1982 , as others have … estimated in addition to fertility : women's health, earnings and household assets, use of preventive health inputs, and finally … fertility and child mortality. This suggests social returns to this reproductive health program in rural South Asia have many …

Population policies are defined here as voluntary programs which help people control their fertility and expect to … improve their lives. There are few studies of the long-run effects of policyinduced changes in fertility on the welfare of … contraception or age-specific fertility. The dearth of long-run family planning experiments has led economists to consider …