Growth in U.S. manufacturing’s real value-added has exceeded that of aggregate GDP, except during recessions, leading many to conclude that the sector is healthy and that the 30 percent decline in manufacturing employment since 2000 is largely the consequence of automation. The robust growth...

This paper explores how innovation offshoring gives rise to Global Innovation Networks (GINs) in the electronics industry. The focus is on chip design. The paper documents the scope of offshoring and the progress achieved in the complexity of design stages and in capability upgrading in Asia....