the quantile treatment effects for Niger, Togo and Mali, based on very informative data, comparable across these countries …, somewhat mixed in Togo (with positive effects in 2nd and negative effects in 5th grade) and negative in Niger. This ordering is … contract teacher programme in the three countries. In Mali and, to some extent, in Togo, the contract teacher system works more …

regimes’ propensity to change towards democratization and economic prosperity. They took Togo as model to test their approach … basic data deficiencies. It is open to question, whether Togo’s expected economic consolidation and growth will be due to …Résumé: Togo: transition épineux et l'aide erronée sont les racines de la misère économique: Les élections législatives …