White-collar government -- What is class? -- The unequal social class makeup of American political institutions -- The elephant in the room -- Why does class matter? -- The evidence -- Voting with class -- Legislative voting as a window into the importance of class -- Measuring the divisions --...

Drawing on Niklas Luhmann's theory of social systems, we analyse the importance of different styles of expectation (cognitive and normative) for global research and development. In our study, we find that contrary to Luhmann's prediction in 1971, the normative expectation style still plays a...

This paper analyses whether Switzerland has still expanded its social programmes after the end of the so-called golden age. Quantitative evidence points to this trend and ana-lysing reforms in pensions, health insurance, unemployment insurance and family pol-icy reinforces this conclusion, with...