years before the Second World War and demonstrating that this history is not one solely of despair. … collapse of the gold standard and the rise of competitive devaluation sparked a monetary war that sundered the system, darkened … Tripartite Agreement of 1936, Britain, America, and France united to end their monetary war and make peace. This agreement …

alternative to war. This view, however, ignores the dark paradox at their core: designed to prevent war, economic sanctions are … modeled on devastating techniques of warfare. Tracing the use of economic sanctions from the blockades of World War I to the … political, economic, legal, and military history that reveals how a coercive wartime tool was adopted as an instrument of …