Thorwarth, Susanne; Kraft, Kornelius; Czarnitzki, Dirk - Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) - 2008
expenditure and development expenditure, due to data availability. However, in most industries only (applied) research will lead … to patentable knowledge, and development happens after the initial research phase that may have led to a patent. Instead … or output of a knowledge production function. We suggest that the productivity of research in patent production functions …