Both proximity-concentration trade-off and factor proportions explanations have been forwarded to explain the existence of multinational enterprises. This paper analyses to what extent these different explanations are supported empirically, in making a first attempt to distinguish explicitly...

This paper analyses the effects of non-tariff barriers, in terms of both variable and fixed export costs, on trade structure. The relationship between fixed and variable trade costs determines whether international trade emerges. If trade emerges, only variable, but not fixed export costs,...

This paper investigates whether European integration has an effect on the geographical concentration of Swedish multinationals' production inside the European Union. The results indicate that agglomeration and dispersion forces are present, and that the relative strength of these forces has been...

This paper analyses the effects of non-tariff barriers, in terms of both variable and fixed export costs, on the structure of trade and industry. We find that the relationship between fixed and variable trade costs affects industrial structure and determines whether international trade emerges....

This paper analyses the effects of non-tariff barriers, in terms of both variable and fixed export costs, on trade structure. The relationship between fixed and variable trade costs determines whether international trade emerges. If trade emerges, only variable, but not fixed export costs,...

Both proximity-concentration trade-off and factor proportions explanations have been forwarded to explain the existence of multinational enterprises. This paper analyses to what extent these different explanations are supported empirically, in making a first attempt to distinguish explicitly...

This paper investigates the transmission of monetary policy in Luxembourg. It is the first empirical analysis conducted for Luxembourg firm-level data. The results indicate that the sales accelerator may be at work. A very robust result is the negative effect of the user cost of capital on...

The European price landscape is characterised by significant price differences among regions and countries for quasi-identical goods. Possible explanations include transport costs, tariffs and non-tariff barriers, market structure, etc? While the introduction of the single European currency...