More policing reduces crime but little is known about the mechanism. Does policing deter crime by reducing its …

lower their production costs by illegal means. Our framework combines a Salop circle with a crime model la Becker, allowing … industry (i.e., lower entry costs) reduce the crime rate. Furthermore, whether more intense competition due to the increased …

environment. Using geocoded crime data and a novel source of within-city spatial and temporal variation in punishment severity, I … consistent with police treating enforcement effort and punishment severity as complementary. I also find that citywide crime and …