The edge-set encoding is a direct tree representation which directly representstrees as sets of edges. There are two variants of the edge-set encoding:the edge-set encoding without heuristics, and the edge-set encoding withheuristics. An investigation into the bias of the edge-set encoding...

The edge-set encoding is a direct tree encoding which applies search oper-ators directly to trees represented as sets of edges. There are two variantsof crossover operators for the edge-set encoding: With heuristics that con-sider the weights of the edges, or without heuristics. Due to a strong...

This paper presents an investigation into the properties of the optimal communication spanningtree (OCST) problem. The OCST problem nds a spanning tree that connects all nodesand satises their communication requirements for a minimum total cost. The paper comparesthe properties of randomly...

In the past, environmental management mainly focussed on the identification of ecologically oriented requirements made on enterprises by relevant stakeholders, on the developmentof related corporate strategies and also on the introduction of a corporate system of environmental management....

In neoclassical economic theory the level of individual income is predominantly determined by individual job performance. Thus high incomes reflect the high marginal productivity of labour of the affluent working population. While the scientific research of poverty has a long tradition, nearly...

This paper uses a semi-parametric empirical model to estimate the economic benefitsof adopting a property rights-based management program in the Gulf of Mexico grouperfishery. The analysis predicts that a rights-based fleet will be comprised of fewer, morecost efficient boats than under the...

This paper reviews the issues surrounding the derivation of estimates of the impact of child labor on school outcomes. The paper aims to review the current state of methodological and empirical knowledge concerning the impact of child labor on learning, to review existing data sets that could be...

This paper describes a series of school-based randomized trials in over 250 urban schools designedto test the impact of financial incentives on student achievement. In stark contrast to simple economicmodels, our results suggest that student incentives increase achievement when the rewards are...

As correctly noted by Matthew Drennan in his paper forthis conference, the nature of the transformation that hasoccurred in the New York metropolitan region since 1989is rather mixed. Although the region has regained onlyhalf of the 625,000 jobs it lost during the 1989-92 period,aggregate...