Using a sample of companies that restated their earnings over the period 1997-2002, this study finds that the probability of voluntary as opposed to forced restatements is positively related to the independence of both the board of directors and the audit committee. Following both voluntary and...

Using a sample of companies charged with government, financial reporting, or stakeholder fraud or regulatory violation in the United States during the 1978-2001 period, this study found that after the accusation of fraud, companies increased the proportion of outsider directors on their boards...